Fear stages are more correctly called "fear imprint stages". All dogs have them. It is essentially just a fear of new situations phase, and a stage during which any traumatic events (or frights) will have a more pronounced and lasting effect upon the dog. Managed well and a confident and outgoing individual emerges. Badly, and you can have an uptight or even fear-aggressive dog on your hands.
Fortunately, it's not that difficult to manage
The first fear imprint stage is short and occurs when the pup is young - around the 8-11 week mark (not that full period, but within it). That's one reason why it is sometimes recomended that if you don't bring a pup home at 8 weeks, then you should wait until 11/12 weeks, so that the change is less traumatic.
The second occurs when the dog is an adolescent. Somewhere between the ages of 6-14 months (usually nearer the lower end of that range), and will last a good 3 months or so.
And it's possible that a dog may have a third fear imprint stage between 12-16 months.
I dare say that those stages are probably very well aligned to the developmental periods of a dog's life in a hunting pack scenario. The first stage would be around the time the pup's start to have just a little independance from their mother (so learning fear is a good thing). The second around about the time pups would start to be included in hunting activities - so again, learning what they should and shouldn't be frightened of is an essential lesson. Well, that's just musing really. But maybe it's useful to know that it's not a product of how we raise them, but a natural occurance that almost certainly has/had a useful purpose to serve.
It's also worth noting that how frightened a dog appears to become of new situations (even familiar situations) does vary between individuals. Some are going to freak out over the trash can being moved. With others, the stage may barely be apparent. It just depends on the personality of the individual dog.
And the management of the dog's fear will most certainly have an impact. If you make a fuss about it - either forcing the dog to face what he's frightened of, trying to sooth his fear, or worst of all, imagining it's "protectiveness" when the dog growls at strangers and egging him on - are all actions that are liable to
confirm to the dog that there is good reason to be afraid. So they're counterproductive.
Instead, you need to show him through ignoring his fear and your own confident, outgoing and nonchalent attitude that there is nothing for him to be frightened of. He'll be watching - and little by little, will come back out his shell and follow the example you give him. You're clearly not bothered by the "scary things" - so gradually, he'll be convinced that there is no need for him to be either.
So - to answer your actual question about whether he can pick it up from you, or pass it to other dogs, well the answer is yes,
in some way. The dog isn't going to enter a fear stage because of the actions of a person or other dog. But the actions of the owner, or other dogs during his fear phase will certainly have an effect.